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Associate Investigator at Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute
Chief of the Epidemiology and Prevention Branch, Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, at Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Epidemiologist, Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases at Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Captain, US Public Health Service & Senior Medical Consultant, Office of the Associate Director for Science at Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Professor & Head of the Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics in the School of Public Health at University of Hong Kong
Epidemiology Lead, Influenza & Emerging Respiratory Pathogens at British Columbia Centre for Disease Control
Infectious Disease Epidemiologist & Postdoc at ICES
Inaugural Epidemiologist at WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza
US Medical Affairs at AstraZeneca
Chief Physician & Expert Team Leader of Influenza and other respiratory viruses, Unit Infectious Disease Control and Vaccinations, Department of Health Security at THL National Institute for Health and Welfare
Assistant Professor of Medicine in the Division of Infectious Diseases at Emory University
Pediatric Infectious Diseases Fellow at Lucile Packard Children's Hospital
Pediatric Infectious Disease Fellow at Johns Hopkins University
Original Article
Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness in the United States — 2015/16 Season
Michael L. Jackson, PhD; Jessie R. Chung, MPH; Lisa A. Jackson, MD; C. Hallie Phillips, MEd; Joyce Benoit, BSN; Arnold S. Monto, MD; Emily T. Martin, PhD; Edward A. Belongia, MD; Huong Q. McLean, PhD; Manjusha Gaglani, MD; Kempapura Murthy, MPH; Richard Zimmerman, MD; Mary Patricia Nowalk, PhD; Alicia M. Fry, MD; Brendan Flannery, PhD
August 26, 2017.
BACKGROUND
The A(H1N1)pdm09 virus strain used in live attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV) was changed for the 2015/16 influenza season, due to lack of effectiveness in young children in 2013/14. The United States Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness Network evaluated the impact of this change as part of our estimates of influenza vaccine effectiveness in 2015/16.
METHODS
We enrolled patients aged ≥6 months seeking care for acute respiratory illness at ambulatory care clinics in geographically diverse US sites. We estimated vaccine effectiveness using a test-negative design, comparing the odds of testing positive for influenza among vaccinated vs. unvaccinated participants, with separate estimates for inactivated influenza vaccines (IIV) and LAIV.
RESULTS
Among 6,879 eligible participants, 1,309 (19%) tested positive for influenza, predominantly A(H1N1)pdm09 (11%) and influenza B (7%). Influenza vaccine effectiveness against any influenza illness was 48% (95% confidence interval (CI), 41 to 55%). Among children 2-17 years of age, IIV was 60% effective (95% CI, 47 to 70%), while LAIV was not observed to be effective (5%; 95% CI, -47 to 39%). Vaccine effectiveness against A(H1N1)pdm09 in children was 63% (95% CI, 45 to 75%) for IIV, compared to -19% (-113 to 33%) for LAIV.
CONCLUSIONS
Influenza vaccines reduced the risk of influenza illness in 2015/16. However, LAIV was found to be ineffective in children in a year with substantial IIV effectiveness. Because the 2016/17 LAIV A(H1N1)pdm09 vaccine strain was unchanged from 2015/16, the US Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices made an interim recommendation not to use LAIV for the 2016/17 influenza season.
Originally Appeared in The New England Journal of Medicine on August 16, 2017.
Associate Investigator at Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute
Chief of the Epidemiology and Prevention Branch, Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, at Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Epidemiologist, Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases at Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Captain, US Public Health Service & Senior Medical Consultant, Office of the Associate Director for Science at Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Professor & Head of the Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics in the School of Public Health at University of Hong Kong
Epidemiology Lead, Influenza & Emerging Respiratory Pathogens at British Columbia Centre for Disease Control
Infectious Disease Epidemiologist & Postdoc at ICES
Inaugural Epidemiologist at WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza
US Medical Affairs at AstraZeneca
Chief Physician & Expert Team Leader of Influenza and other respiratory viruses, Unit Infectious Disease Control and Vaccinations, Department of Health Security at THL National Institute for Health and Welfare
Assistant Professor of Medicine in the Division of Infectious Diseases at Emory University
Pediatric Infectious Diseases Fellow at Lucile Packard Children's Hospital
Pediatric Infectious Disease Fellow at Johns Hopkins University