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Authors
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Associate Investigator at Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research InstituteMichael Jackson, PhD, MPH
Associate Investigator at Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research InstituteAssociate Investigator at Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute
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Chief of the Epidemiology and Prevention Branch, Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, at Centers for Disease Control and PreventionAlicia Fry, MD, MPH
Chief of the Epidemiology and Prevention Branch, Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, at Centers for Disease Control and PreventionChief of the Epidemiology and Prevention Branch, Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, at Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
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Epidemiologist, Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases at Centers for Disease Control and PreventionBrendan Flannery, PhD
Epidemiologist, Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases at Centers for Disease Control and PreventionEpidemiologist, Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases at Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
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Experts
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Captain, US Public Health Service & Senior Medical Consultant, Office of the Associate Director for Science at Centers for Disease Control and PreventionJohn Iskander, MD, MPH
Captain, US Public Health Service & Senior Medical Consultant, Office of the Associate Director for Science at Centers for Disease Control and PreventionCaptain, US Public Health Service & Senior Medical Consultant, Office of the Associate Director for Science at Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
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Professor & Head of the Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics in the School of Public Health at University of Hong KongBen Cowling, PhD
Professor & Head of the Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics in the School of Public Health at University of Hong KongProfessor & Head of the Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics in the School of Public Health at University of Hong Kong
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Epidemiology Lead, Influenza & Emerging Respiratory Pathogens at British Columbia Centre for Disease ControlDanuta Skowronski, MD, MHSc, FRCPC
Epidemiology Lead, Influenza & Emerging Respiratory Pathogens at British Columbia Centre for Disease ControlEpidemiology Lead, Influenza & Emerging Respiratory Pathogens at British Columbia Centre for Disease Control
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Infectious Disease Epidemiologist & Postdoc at ICESMaria Sundaram, MSPH
Infectious Disease Epidemiologist & Postdoc at ICESInfectious Disease Epidemiologist & Postdoc at ICES
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Inaugural Epidemiologist at WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on InfluenzaSheena Sullivan, PhD
Inaugural Epidemiologist at WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on InfluenzaInaugural Epidemiologist at WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza
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US Medical Affairs at AstraZenecaChristopher Ambrose, MD, MBA
US Medical Affairs at AstraZenecaUS Medical Affairs at AstraZeneca
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Chief Physician & Expert Team Leader of Influenza and other respiratory viruses, Unit Infectious Disease Control and Vaccinations, Department of Health Security at THL National Institute for Health and WelfareHanna Nohynek, MD, PhD
Chief Physician & Expert Team Leader of Influenza and other respiratory viruses, Unit Infectious Disease Control and Vaccinations, Department of Health Security at THL National Institute for Health and WelfareChief Physician & Expert Team Leader of Influenza and other respiratory viruses, Unit Infectious Disease Control and Vaccinations, Department of Health Security at THL National Institute for Health and Welfare
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Lead Moderators
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Assistant Professor of Medicine in the Division of Infectious Diseases at Emory UniversityVarun Phadke, MD
Assistant Professor of Medicine in the Division of Infectious Diseases at Emory UniversityAssistant Professor of Medicine in the Division of Infectious Diseases at Emory University
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Moderators
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Pediatric Infectious Diseases Fellow at Lucile Packard Children's HospitalTalal Seddik, MD
Pediatric Infectious Diseases Fellow at Lucile Packard Children's HospitalPediatric Infectious Diseases Fellow at Lucile Packard Children's Hospital
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Pediatric Infectious Disease Fellow at Johns Hopkins UniversityIbukun Akinboyo, MD
Pediatric Infectious Disease Fellow at Johns Hopkins UniversityPediatric Infectious Disease Fellow at Johns Hopkins University
About the Discussion
@NEJM Ask the Authors & Experts: Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness in the United States — 2015/16 Season
Original Article
Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness in the United States — 2015/16 Season
Michael L. Jackson, PhD; Jessie R. Chung, MPH; Lisa A. Jackson, MD; C. Hallie Phillips, MEd; Joyce Benoit, BSN; Arnold S. Monto, MD; Emily T. Martin, PhD; Edward A. Belongia, MD; Huong Q. McLean, PhD; Manjusha Gaglani, MD; Kempapura Murthy, MPH; Richard Zimmerman, MD; Mary Patricia Nowalk, PhD; Alicia M. Fry, MD; Brendan Flannery, PhD
August 26, 2017.
BACKGROUND
The A(H1N1)pdm09 virus strain used in live attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV) was changed for the 2015/16 influenza season, due to lack of effectiveness in young children in 2013/14. The United States Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness Network evaluated the impact of this change as part of our estimates of influenza vaccine effectiveness in 2015/16.
METHODS
We enrolled patients aged ≥6 months seeking care for acute respiratory illness at ambulatory care clinics in geographically diverse US sites. We estimated vaccine effectiveness using a test-negative design, comparing the odds of testing positive for influenza among vaccinated vs. unvaccinated participants, with separate estimates for inactivated influenza vaccines (IIV) and LAIV.
RESULTS
Among 6,879 eligible participants, 1,309 (19%) tested positive for influenza, predominantly A(H1N1)pdm09 (11%) and influenza B (7%). Influenza vaccine effectiveness against any influenza illness was 48% (95% confidence interval (CI), 41 to 55%). Among children 2-17 years of age, IIV was 60% effective (95% CI, 47 to 70%), while LAIV was not observed to be effective (5%; 95% CI, -47 to 39%). Vaccine effectiveness against A(H1N1)pdm09 in children was 63% (95% CI, 45 to 75%) for IIV, compared to -19% (-113 to 33%) for LAIV.
CONCLUSIONS
Influenza vaccines reduced the risk of influenza illness in 2015/16. However, LAIV was found to be ineffective in children in a year with substantial IIV effectiveness. Because the 2016/17 LAIV A(H1N1)pdm09 vaccine strain was unchanged from 2015/16, the US Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices made an interim recommendation not to use LAIV for the 2016/17 influenza season.
Originally Appeared in The New England Journal of Medicine on August 16, 2017.
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Authors
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Associate Investigator at Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research InstituteMichael Jackson, PhD, MPH
Associate Investigator at Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute
Associate Investigator at Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute
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Chief of the Epidemiology and Prevention Branch, Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, at Centers for Disease Control and PreventionAlicia Fry, MD, MPH
Chief of the Epidemiology and Prevention Branch, Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, at Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Chief of the Epidemiology and Prevention Branch, Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, at Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
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Epidemiologist, Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases at Centers for Disease Control and PreventionBrendan Flannery, PhD
Epidemiologist, Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases at Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Epidemiologist, Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases at Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
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Experts
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Captain, US Public Health Service & Senior Medical Consultant, Office of the Associate Director for Science at Centers for Disease Control and PreventionJohn Iskander, MD, MPH
Captain, US Public Health Service & Senior Medical Consultant, Office of the Associate Director for Science at Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Captain, US Public Health Service & Senior Medical Consultant, Office of the Associate Director for Science at Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
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Professor & Head of the Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics in the School of Public Health at University of Hong KongBen Cowling, PhD
Professor & Head of the Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics in the School of Public Health at University of Hong Kong
Professor & Head of the Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics in the School of Public Health at University of Hong Kong
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Epidemiology Lead, Influenza & Emerging Respiratory Pathogens at British Columbia Centre for Disease ControlDanuta Skowronski, MD, MHSc, FRCPC
Epidemiology Lead, Influenza & Emerging Respiratory Pathogens at British Columbia Centre for Disease Control
Epidemiology Lead, Influenza & Emerging Respiratory Pathogens at British Columbia Centre for Disease Control
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Infectious Disease Epidemiologist & Postdoc at ICESMaria Sundaram, MSPH
Infectious Disease Epidemiologist & Postdoc at ICES
Infectious Disease Epidemiologist & Postdoc at ICES
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Inaugural Epidemiologist at WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on InfluenzaSheena Sullivan, PhD
Inaugural Epidemiologist at WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza
Inaugural Epidemiologist at WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza
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US Medical Affairs at AstraZenecaChristopher Ambrose, MD, MBA
US Medical Affairs at AstraZeneca
US Medical Affairs at AstraZeneca
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Chief Physician & Expert Team Leader of Influenza and other respiratory viruses, Unit Infectious Disease Control and Vaccinations, Department of Health Security at THL National Institute for Health and WelfareHanna Nohynek, MD, PhD
Chief Physician & Expert Team Leader of Influenza and other respiratory viruses, Unit Infectious Disease Control and Vaccinations, Department of Health Security at THL National Institute for Health and Welfare
Chief Physician & Expert Team Leader of Influenza and other respiratory viruses, Unit Infectious Disease Control and Vaccinations, Department of Health Security at THL National Institute for Health and Welfare
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Lead Moderators
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Assistant Professor of Medicine in the Division of Infectious Diseases at Emory UniversityVarun Phadke, MD
Assistant Professor of Medicine in the Division of Infectious Diseases at Emory University
Assistant Professor of Medicine in the Division of Infectious Diseases at Emory University
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Moderators
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Pediatric Infectious Diseases Fellow at Lucile Packard Children's HospitalTalal Seddik, MD
Pediatric Infectious Diseases Fellow at Lucile Packard Children's Hospital
Pediatric Infectious Diseases Fellow at Lucile Packard Children's Hospital
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Pediatric Infectious Disease Fellow at Johns Hopkins UniversityIbukun Akinboyo, MD
Pediatric Infectious Disease Fellow at Johns Hopkins University
Pediatric Infectious Disease Fellow at Johns Hopkins University
